Handbook of Electrochemistry Zsoski Free download

<h2><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: blue;">Handbook of Electrochemistry Zsoski</span></span></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9pEiDSVFJpSoBOfnS2y05KMOkcyUZT8WdUZwQBEdS656QptxNjgDF-pk8nkuUsyoqNiAJmlNQYZF07JxKt8yIrg_88veu8EZAd_BonY6_TRD_PA2hXkdFUPcj49uSHSZhaCUmGM1SOeo/s1600/Handbook+of+Electrochemistry+Zsoski.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Handbook of Electrochemistry Zsoski Free download" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9pEiDSVFJpSoBOfnS2y05KMOkcyUZT8WdUZwQBEdS656QptxNjgDF-pk8nkuUsyoqNiAJmlNQYZF07JxKt8yIrg_88veu8EZAd_BonY6_TRD_PA2hXkdFUPcj49uSHSZhaCUmGM1SOeo/s1600/Handbook+of+Electrochemistry+Zsoski.jpg" title="Handbook of Electrochemistry Zsoski Free download" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><a name="more"></a><h3><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Handbook of Electrochemistry Zsoski</span></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Handbook of Electrochemistry Cynthia G. Zoski</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">New Mexico State University</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA</div><br />Electrochemistry now plays an important role in a vast number of fundamental research and applied areas. These include, but are not limited to, the exploration of new inorganic and organic compounds, biochemical and biological systems, corrosion, energy applications involving fuel cells and solar cells, and nanoscale investigations. There are many excellent textbooks and monographs, which explain the fundamentals and theory of electrochemistry. This handbook is not a textbook, however, but rather a source of electrochemical<br />information, details of experimental considerations, representative calculations, and illustrations of the possibilities available in electrochemical experimentation. It is most closely allied with the textbook Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications by Allen J. Bard and Larry R. Faulkner, second edition<br /><div><div>The Handbook of Electrochemistry is divided into five parts: Fundamentals (Chapter 1), Laboratory Practical (Chapters 2–10), Techniques (Chapters 11–14), Applications (Chapters 15–17), and Data (Chapters 18–20). Chapter 1 covers the fundamentals of electrochemistry that are essential for everyone working in this field and sets the stage for the following 19 chapters. Thus, Chapter 1 presents an overview of electrochemical conventions, terminology, fundamental equations, electrochemical cells, experiments, literature, textbooks, and specialized books. Laboratory aspects of electrochemistry are emphasized in the following nine chapters that include Practical Electrochemical Cells (Chapter 2), Solvents and Supporting</div><div>Electrolytes (Chapter 3), Reference Electrodes (Chapter 4), Solid Electrode Materials: Pretreatment and Activation (Chapter 5), Ultramicroelectrodes (Chapter 6), Potentiometric Ion-Selective Electrodes (Chapter 7), Chemically Modified Electrodes (Chapter 8),Semiconductor Electrodes (Chapter 9), and  icroelectrode Arrays (Chapter 10). Electrochemical techniques covered in this handbook range from classical experiments</div><div>(Chapter 11) to Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) (Chapter 12), Electrogenerated Chemiluminesence (Chapter 13), and Spectroelectrochemistry (Chapter 14). These four chapters also include representative applications based on the method described.Specific electrochemical applications based on the preceding chapters illustrate the impact of electrochemistry in exploring diverse topics ranging from electrode kinetic determinations (Chapter 15), unique aspects of metal deposition (Chapter 16) including micro- and nanostructures, template deposition, and single particle deposition, and electrochemistry in small places and at novel interfaces (Chapter 17) including biological cells, single molecule</div><div>eletrochemistry, and electrochemistry at liquid/liquid interfaces. The remaining three chapters provide useful electrochemical data and information involving electrode potentials (Chapter 18), diffusion coefficients (Chapter 19), and methods used in measuring liquidjunction potentials (Chapter 20). The majority of the chapters were supervised by a single corresponding author. Exceptions to this are Chapters 6, Ultramicroelectrodes; Chapter 16, Metal Deposition; and Chapter 17, Electrochemistry in Small Places and at Novel Interfaces, where several authors contributed to different sections in a specific chapter I would like to thank the contributors of this handbook, colleagues in the electrochemical community, and the authors of the many papers, textbooks, and specialized books whose work is cited in this handbook and has led to the development of electrochemistry,its expansion into diverse areas, and much of the information presented in this handbook.I especially want to thank Allen J. Bard, a pioneer in electrochemistry, for his helpful comments, suggestions, advice, and unwavering encouragement during the editing of this handbook.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="color: purple; font-size: x-large;">Contents</span></div><div>Preface</div><div>Corresponding Authors</div><div>I Fundamentals</div><div>1 Fundamentals</div><div>1.1 Conventions in Electrochemistry</div><div>1.1.1 Potential conventions</div><div>1.1.2 Current conventions</div><div>1.2 Terminology.</div><div>1.3 Fundamental Equations</div><div>1.3.1 Nernst equation</div><div>1.3.2 Equilibrium constant </div><div>1.3.3 Mass-transfer limited current</div><div>1.3.4 Cottrell equation .</div><div>1.3.5 Faraday’s law . . </div><div>1.4 Factors Affecting Reaction Rate and Current .</div><div>1.4.1 Current, current density, and rate. . . . . . . . </div><div>1.4.2 Reversibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>1.4.3 Kinetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</div><div>1.5 Equations Governing Modes of Mass Transfer</div><div>1.5.1 Nernst–Planck equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>1.5.2 Fick’s laws of diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>1.6 Electrochemical Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>1.7 Cell Resistance; Capacitance; Uncompensated Resistance </div><div>1.8 Overview of Electrochemical Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>1.9 Electrochemistry Literature; Textbooks; Specialized Books</div><div>1.9.1 Electrochemical journals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>1.9.2 Specialized texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</div><div>1.9.3 Review series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</div><div>References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>II Laboratory Practical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>2 Practical Electrochemical Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</div><div>2.1 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>2.2 General Cell Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>2.2.1 Two-electrode cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>2.2.2 Three-electrode cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>2.3 Electrochemical Cells for Specific Applications . . . . . . . </div><div>2.3.1 Flow-through cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</div><div>2.3.2 Thin-layer cells (TLCs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>2.3.3 Spectroelectrochemical cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>2.3.4 Electrochemical cells for molten salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>2.3.5 Attachment to a vacuum line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>2.4 Establishing and Maintaining an Inert Atmosphere. . . . . </div><div>References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>3 Solvents and Supporting Electrolytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>3.2 Electrolyte Conductivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</div><div>3.3 Cells, Electrodes and Electrolytes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>3.4 Cell Time Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</div><div>3.5 Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</div><div>3.5.1 Protic solvents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</div><div>3.5.2 Nitriles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</div><div>3.5.3 Halogenated organics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</div><div>3.5.4 Amides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>3.5.5 Sulfoxides and sulfones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</div><div>3.5.6 Ethers, carbonates, lactone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>3.6 Salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>3.7 “Exotic” Electrolytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>3.8 Purification Procedures for some Commonly Used Solvents in Electrochemistry</div><div>3.8.1 Acetonitrile</div><div>3.8.2 Butyronitrile</div><div>3.8.3 Benzonitrile</div><div>3.8.4 Propylene carbonate</div><div>3.8.5 Dichloromethane</div><div>3.8.6 Dimethylformamide</div><div>3.9 Purification Procedures for some Commonly Used Salts in Electrochemistry</div><div>3.9.1 Tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate . . . . .</div><div>3.9.2 Tetraethylammonium tetraphenylborate. . . . .</div><div>3.9.3 Tetraethylammonium hexafluorophosphate . .</div><div>3.9.4 Tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate . . . . .</div><div>3.9.5 Tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate . .</div><div>3.9.6 Lithium perchlorate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</div><div>References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</div><div>4 Reference Electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>4.1.1 Selecting a reference electrode . . . . . . . .</div><div>4.1.2 Converting between aqueous potential scales</div><div>4.2 Basic Components of a Reference Electrode . </div><div>4.2.1 Body material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</div><div>4.2.2 Top seal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</div><div>viii Contents</div><div>4.2.3 Junction (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>4.2.4 Active component of RE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>4.3 Electrode Details and Fabrication . . . . . . . . . </div><div>4.3.1 Hydrogen electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>4.3.2 Mercury electrodes (24) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>4.3.3 Silver electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>4.3.4 Quasi-reference electrodes (QRE) . . . . . . .</div><div>4.4 Junctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>4.4.1 Filling solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>4.4.2 Salt bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</div><div>4.4.3 Double-junction reference electrodes. . . . . </div><div>4.4.4 Reference electrode impedance . . . . . . . . .</div><div>4.5 Reference Electrodes: Nonaqueous Solvents </div><div>4.6 Reference Electrode Calibration . . . . . . . . . .</div><div>4.6.1 Versus a second reference electrode. . . . . </div><div>4.6.2 Using a well-defined redox couple . . . . . . </div><div>4.7 Maintenance. . </div><div>4.7.1 Storage . . . .</div><div>4.7.2 Cleaning junctions</div><div>4.7.3 Replacing filling solutions</div><div>4.7.4 Regenerating the reference electrode</div><div>4.8 Troubleshooting </div><div>4.8.1 Special notes</div><div>References</div><div>5 Solid Electrode Materials: Pretreatment and Activation</div><div>5.1 Introduction</div><div>5.2 Carbon Electrodes</div><div>5.2.1 Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite</div><div>5.2.2 Glassy carbon</div><div>5.2.3 Pyrolyzed photoresist films (PPF)</div><div>5.2.4 Carbon fibers</div><div>5.2.5 Carbon nanotubes</div><div>5.2.6 Diamond films</div><div>5.2.7 Tetrahedral amorphous carbon (Ta-C) films</div><div>5.3 Metal Electrodes</div><div>5.3.1 Polycrystalline platinum and gold </div><div>5.3.2 Single-crystal platinum and gold</div><div>5.4 Semiconductor Electrodes</div><div>5.4.1 Indium tin oxide (ITO)</div><div>5.5 Conclusions</div><div>Acknowledgments</div><div>References</div><div>6 Ultramicroelectrodes</div><div>6.1 Behavior Of Ultramicroelectrodes</div><div>Contents ix</div><div>6.1.1 Electrode response times</div><div>6.1.2 Factors that influence the electrode response time</div><div>6.1.3 Origins of non-ideal responses </div><div>6.1.4 Fundamentals of faradaic electrochemistry</div><div>6.1.5 Origins of non-ideal faradaic responses</div><div>References</div><div>6.2 Microelectrode Applications</div><div>6.2.1 Electroanalysis at the micro-and nano-length scale</div><div>6.2.2 Spatially heterogeneous systems: biological structures</div><div>6.2.3 Low conductivity media</div><div>6.2.4 Ultrafast electrochemical techniques</div><div>6.2.5 AC electrokinetics</div><div>References</div><div>6.3 UME Fabrication/Characterization Basics</div><div>6.3.1 Platinum and gold inlaid disks 5 m diameter</div><div>References </div><div>6.3.3 Laser-pulled ultramicroelectrodes</div><div>References</div><div>6.3.4 Platinum conical ultramicroelectrodes</div><div>6.3.5 Flame-etched carbon nanofibers</div><div>6.3.6 Electrochemically etched carbon fiber electrodes</div><div>6.3.7 Gold spherical microelectrodes</div><div>6.3.8 Hg microhemispherical electrodes</div><div>6.3.9 Clarke oxygen microelectrode</div><div>6.3.10 Nitric oxide microsensors</div><div>6.3.11 Glass nanopore electrodes</div><div>7 Potentiometric Ion-Selective Electrodes</div><div>7.1 Introduction</div><div>7.2 Classification and Mechanism</div><div>7.2.1 Phase boundary potential</div><div>7.2.2 Ion-exchanger-based ISEs</div><div>7.2.3 Neutral-ionophore-based ISEs</div><div>7.2.4 Charged-ionophore-based ISEs</div><div>x Contents</div><div>7.3 Equilibrium Potentiometric Responses</div><div>7.3.1 The Nikolsky–Eisenman equation and phase boundary potential model</div><div>7.3.2 Effect of ionic sites on selectivity</div><div>7.3.3 Apparently “non-Nernstian” equilibrium responses</div><div>7.4 Non-Equilibrium Potentiometric Responses</div><div>7.4.1 Mixed ion-transfer potentials</div><div>7.4.2 Elimination of non-equilibrium effects in separate solutions</div><div>7.4.3 Effects of transmembrane ion flux on detection limit</div><div>7.4.4 Non-equilibrium responses for polyion detection</div><div>7.5 Conclusions</div><div>References</div><div>8 Chemically Modified Electrodes</div><div>8.1 Introduction</div><div>8.2 Substrate Materials and Preparation</div><div>8.3 Modified Electrode Types</div><div>8.3.1 Langmuir-Blodgett</div><div>8.3.2 Self-assembly</div><div>8.3.3 Covalent attachment</div><div>8.3.4 Clay modified electrodes</div><div>8.3.5 Zeolite modified electrodes</div><div>8.3.6 Sol-gel modified electrodes</div><div>8.3.7 Polymer modified electrodes</div><div>8.3.8 DNA modified electrodes</div><div>8.4 Conclusions and Prospects</div><div>References</div><div>9 Semiconductor Electrodes</div><div>9.1 Introduction</div><div>9.2 Semiconductor Basics</div><div>9.2.1 Band theory of solids</div><div>9.2.2 Size quantization in semiconductors</div><div>9.3 Energetics of a Semiconductor</div><div>9.3.1 Semiconductor–electrolyte interface (SEI)</div><div>9.4 Semiconductor Electrodes</div><div>9.4.1 Electron transfer at semiconductor–electrolyte interface</div><div>9.4.2 lluminated semiconductor electrodes</div><div>9.4.3 Cyclic voltammetry (CV) at semiconductor electrodes</div><div>9.4.4 Fermi-level pinning in semiconductor electrodes</div><div>9.4.5 Characterization of the SEI by scanning electrochemical</div><div>microscopy (SECM)</div><div>9.5 Types of Semiconductor Electrodes</div><div>9.5.1 Single crystal and epitaxial film electrodes</div><div>9.5.2 Polycrystalline electrodes</div><div>Contents xi</div><div>9.6 Nanostructured Semiconductor Electrodes (NSSE)</div><div>9.6.1 Epitaxial methods for the preparation of NSSE</div><div>9.6.2 Preparation of particulate films</div><div>9.6.3 Electrochemistry on nanostructured semiconductors</div><div>9.6.4 Electrochemistry on suspended semiconductor nanoparticles</div><div>9.7 Semiconductor Electrode Applications</div><div>9.7.1 Solar cells</div><div>9.7.2 Sensors</div><div>10 Microelectrode Arrays</div><div>10.1 Introduction</div><div>10.2 Classification of Microelectrode Arrays</div><div>10.2.1 Microelectrode designs</div><div>10.2.2 Microelectrode array behavior</div><div>10.3 Theory: Diffusion at Microelectrode Arrays</div><div>10.3.1 Arrays of electrodes operating at identical potentials</div><div>10.3.2 Arrays of electrodes operating in generator/collector mode</div><div>10.4 Fabrication of Microelectrode Arrays</div><div>10.4.1 Mechanical methods</div><div>10.4.2 Template approaches</div><div>10.4.3 Lithographic techniques</div><div>10.4.4 Etching techniques</div><div>10.5 Electrochemical Characterisation of Microelectrode Arrays</div><div>10.5.1 Chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry</div><div>10.5.2 Scanning electrochemical microscopy</div><div>10.5.3 Optical microscopy</div><div>10.6 Conclusion and Prospects</div><div>III Techniques</div><div>11 Classical Experiments</div><div>11.1 Introduction</div><div>11.2 Selected Experimental Techniques</div><div>11.2.1 Potential steps</div><div>11.2.2 Potential sweeps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>11.2.3 Combinations of sweeps and steps</div><div>11.2.4 Microelectrodes</div><div>11.2.5 Rotating disc electrodes</div><div>11.2.6 Small amplitude perturbations and impedance methods</div><div>11.3 Simulations</div><div>11.3.1 Electrochemical simulations—a few questions</div><div>11.3.2 Basic principles of an electrochemical simulation</div><div>xii Contents</div><div>11.4 Troubleshooting Electrochemical Experiments: A Checklist</div><div>11.4.1 Checking the results</div><div>11.4.2 No current response</div><div>11.4.3 Potential shift</div><div>11.4.4 Currents lower than expected</div><div>11.4.5 Slanted voltammogram</div><div>11.4.6 Noisy current</div><div>11.4.7 Other common problems</div><div>12 Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy</div><div>12.1 Introduction and Principles</div><div>12.2 Instrumentation</div><div>12.2.1 Basic SECM apparatus</div><div>12.2.2 Combining SECM with other techniques</div><div>12.3 Methods and Operational Modes</div><div>12.3.1 Amperometric methods</div><div>12.3.2 Potentiometric method</div><div>12.3.3 Imaging</div><div>12.4 Applications</div><div>12.4.1 Heterogeneous kinetics</div><div>12.4.2 Homogeneous chemical reactions</div><div>12.4.3 Catalytic activity</div><div>12.4.4 Surface reactivity</div><div>12.4.5 Patterning</div><div>13 Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence</div><div>13.1 Concepts and History</div><div>13.2 Types of Luminescence</div><div>13.3 Fundamental Reactions</div><div>13.3.1 Ion annihilation ECL</div><div>13.3.2 Coreactant ECL (123)</div><div>13.4 Experimental Setup</div><div>13.4.1 Electrochemical media</div><div>13.4.2 Cell design and electrodes</div><div>13.4.3 Light detection and ECL instrumentation</div><div>13.5 Types of Experiments</div><div>13.5.1 Ion annihilation ECL: Ru(bpy)3 2+ and derivatives</div><div>13.5.2 Coreactant ECL of Ru(bpy)3</div><div>2+/TPrA system in aqueous solutions</div><div>13.6 Applications</div><div>13.6.1 Applications of Ru(bpy)3</div><div>2+ ECL: determination of oxalate and organic acids</div><div>13.6.2 Applications of Ru(bpy)3 2+ ECL: determination of amines</div><div>Contents xiii</div><div>13.6.3 Applications of Ru(bpy)3</div><div>2+ ECL: determination of amino acids</div><div>13.6.4 Applications of Ru(bpy)3</div><div>2+ ECL: determination of pharmaceuticals</div><div>13.6.5 Applications of Ru(bpy)3 2+ ECL: determination of Ru(bpy)32+</div><div>13.6.6 Applications of Ru(bpy)3</div><div>2+ ECL in capillary electrophoresis (CE)</div><div>and micro-total analysis ( TAS)</div><div>13.6.7 Application of Ru(bpy)3</div><div>2+ ECL: determination of clinical analytes</div><div>13.6.8 Applications of Ru(bpy)3</div><div>2+ ECL: analytes associated with food, water, and biological agents</div><div>References</div><div>14 Spectroelectrochemistry .</div><div>14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . </div><div>14.2 Light Transmission and Reflection at an Electrode Surface</div><div>14.3 Electronic Spectroscopy</div><div>14.3.1 Transmittance spectroscopy and optically transparent cell materials</div><div>14.3.2 Thin layer spectroelectrochemistry</div><div>14.3.3 Spectroelectrochemistry: semi-infinite linear diffusion .</div><div>14.3.4 Long optical pathway thin layer cells (LOPTLC) . . . .</div><div>14.3.5 Reflectance spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</div><div>14.4 Luminiscence Spectroelectrochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . .</div><div>14.4.1 Steady-state luminescence spectroelectrochemistry . .</div><div>14.4.2 Time-resolved luminescence spectroelectrochemistry </div><div>14.5 Vibrational Spectroelectrochemistry .</div><div>14.5.1 IR spectroelectrochemistry . . . . . . </div><div>14.5.2 Raman spectroelectrochemistry . . .</div><div>14.6 Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</div><div>References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</div><div>IV Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </div><div>15 Determination of Electrode Kinetics . . .</div><div>15.1 Introduction to Kinetic Measurements</div><div>15.2 Heterogeneous Electron Transfer: Transient Methods</div><div>15.2.1 Linear sweep and cyclic voltammetry</div><div>15.2.2 Sampled-current voltammetry</div><div>15.2.3 Ac voltammetry</div><div>15.3 Heterogeneous Electron Transfer: Steady-State Methods. </div><div>15.3.1 Steady-state voltammetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</div><div>15.3.2 Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM)</div><div>15.4 Processes with Coupled Homogeneous Reactions</div><div>15.4.1 Linear sweep and cyclic voltammetry</div><div>15.4.2 Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM)</div><div>15.4.3 Simulations and curve fitting</div><div>xiv Contents</div><div>16 Metal Deposition</div><div>16.1 Electrodeposition of Nanostructures and Microstructures on Highly</div><div>Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG)</div><div>16.1.1 Introduction and perspective</div><div>16.1.2 HOPG: seeing electrodeposited metal nano- and microparticles</div><div>16.1.3 Brownian Dynamics simulations: understanding particle size distribution broadening<br />16.1.4 “Slow-growth” electrodeposition: dimensionally uniform metal nano- and microparticles</div><div>16.1.5 Electrodeposition of metal nanowires</div><div>16.2 Template Deposition of Metals</div><div>16.2.1 Introduction</div><div>16.2.2 Templating membranes</div><div>16.2.3 Template deposition of metals</div><div>16.2.4 Morphological and optical properties</div><div>16.2.5 Electrochemistry with template nanomaterials: nanoelectrode ensembles</div><div>16.2.6 Conclusions and prospects</div><div>16.3 Single Particle Deposition on Nanometer Electrodes</div><div>16.3.1 Introduction</div><div>16.3.2 Electrode selection</div><div>16.3.3 Electrodeposition of particles: electrokinetic vs. diffusion control</div><div>16.3.4 Nucleation exclusion zones: modeling particle growth</div><div>16.3.5 Examples of systems</div><div>17 Electrochemistry in Small Places and at Novel Interfaces</div><div>17.1 Electrochemistry in and at Single Biological Cells</div><div>17.1.1 Electrochemistry at the cell membrane–solution interface</div><div>17.1.2 Electrochemistry at lipid bilayer membranes</div><div>17.1.3 Electrochemistry in small drops and vials</div><div>17.1.4 Intracellular electrochemistry</div><div>17.1.5 Conclusions</div><div>17.2 Single Molecule Electrochemistry</div><div>17.2.1 Introduction</div><div>17.2.2 Special topics</div><div>17.2.3 Conclusions</div><div>17.3 Electrochemistry at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces</div><div>17.3.1 Introduction</div><div>17.3.2 Fundamentals</div><div>17.3.3 Charge transfer reactions at liquid/liquid interfaces</div><div>17.3.4 Methodologies and techniques</div><div>Contents xv</div><div>17.3.5 Applications</div><div>17.3.6 Prospects</div><div>18 Electrode Potentials</div><div>18.1 Overview</div><div>18.2 Estimated Potential Ranges: Aqueous and Non-aqueous Solutions</div><div>18.3 Standard Electrode Potentials: Aqueous Solutions</div><div>18.4 Formal Electrode Potentials: Aprotic Solvents</div><div>18.5 Formal Electrode Potentials: Common Organic Mediators</div><div>18.6 Electrode Potentials: Inorganic One-Electron Complexes</div><div>18.7 Formal Electrode Potentials: Biological Redox Species</div><div>18.8 Formal Electrode Potentials: Common Vitamins, Drugs, Neurochemicals</div><div>18.9 Abbreviations</div><div>18.10 Chemical Structures</div><div>19 Diffusion Coefficients</div><div>19.1 Introduction</div><div>19.2 Fundamental Equations</div><div>19.3 General Considerations</div><div>19.3.1 Selection of a technique</div><div>19.3.2 Electrode</div><div>19.3.3 Electrochemical system</div><div>19.3.4 Instrumentation</div><div>19.4 Electrochemical Methods</div><div>19.4.1 Potential step techniques (chronoamperometry)</div><div>19.4.2 Rotating disk electrode techniques</div><div>19.4.3 Potential sweep techniques</div><div>19.4.4 Current step techniques (chronopotentiometry)</div><div>19.4.5 Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) techniques</div><div>19.5 Tables of Diffusion Coefficients</div><div>20 Liquid Junction Potentials</div><div>20.1 Types of Liquid Junctions</div><div>20.1.1 Interfacial potentials without electrolyte transport</div><div>20.1.2 Interfacial potentials with electrolyte transport</div><div>20.2 Transference Numbers and Conductivity</div><div>20.2.1 Experimental methods of determining transference number</div><div>20.2.2 Sample calculations of ionic transference numbers</div><div>20.2.3 Experimental methods of determining electrolytic conductivity</div><div>20.2.4 Sample calculations relating to electrolytic conductivity</div><div>20.2.5 Tabulation of parameters related to electrolyte conductance</div><div>20.3 Minimization of Liquid Junction Potentials</div><div>20.3.1 Balancing ionic mobilities</div><div>20.3.2 The salt bridge</div><div>20.4 Junctions of Immiscible Liquids</div><div>20.4.1 The non-polarisable liquid/liquid interface</div><div>20.4.2 The polarisable liquid/liquid interface</div><div>20.5 Non-Classical Electrolytes: Polymer–Based Electrolytes and Ionic Liquids</div><div>References</div></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK-Ec7VwvG-QGlwR0cXQhMmB-c3zVi6zE8ULwfVjsBhDdTVKlaoCLjuft-AC_cSFPrAoMfoxPhDwoRP2IhP5dna-kFKQR_6BNgecg0XYIpuYXB5RCZy2MbWbEKrbzOubhM8Sz5b3FWgW8/s1600/download_opt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK-Ec7VwvG-QGlwR0cXQhMmB-c3zVi6zE8ULwfVjsBhDdTVKlaoCLjuft-AC_cSFPrAoMfoxPhDwoRP2IhP5dna-kFKQR_6BNgecg0XYIpuYXB5RCZy2MbWbEKrbzOubhM8Sz5b3FWgW8/s1600/download_opt.jpg" /></a></div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://p.pw/badEwJ" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://p.pw/badEwJ</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table border="1" style="width: 540px;"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 250px;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><div style="text-align: center;">Blog contains many documents and lesson or topic, subscribe immediately</div></div></td><td style="width: 250px;" valign="top"><div style="text-align: center;"><form action="https://feedburner.google.com/fb/a/mailverify" method="post" onsubmit="window.open('https://feedburner.google.com/fb/a/mailverify?uri=ChemistryStudyGuide-funnyJokes', 'popupwindow', 'scrollbars=yes,width=550,height=520');return true" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 3px;" target="popupwindow">Enter your email address:<br /><input name="email" style="width: 140px;" type="text" /><br /><input type="submit" value="Subscribe" /><br />Delivered by<a href="https://feedburner.google.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">FeedBurner</a></form></div></td></tr></tbody></table>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.chemistrystudy.com/2015/01/handbook-of-electrochemistry-zsoski-free-books-dpwnload.html#Chemistry_studytop">Back to Top</a></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;">Have a nice day!-Chemistry study guide- Chemistry Document Library, High School Chemistry</div>

Handbook of Electrochemistry Zsoski Free download

Handbook of Electrochemistry Zsoski Handbook of Electrochemistry Zsoski Handbook of Electrochemistry Cynthia G. Zoski New Mexico State Unive...

Đọc thêm »